The development process of China from the construction of cattle, carriage road to the building of a modern road network can be divided into three periods: Ancient Road, modern road and modern road. It

China's ancient roads (twenty-first Century BC to 1911 AD), as early as 2000 BC, had already been able to drive cattle and horse drawn carriages. According to the book of ancient history, "the Yellow Emperor makes a long journey. When Shao Hao is a little cow, he is a horse in Yu. During the Western Zhou Dynasty (1066 BC to 771 BC), the roads began to take shape. In the road planning, there are "the craftsman camp, the national middle nine warps nine weft, the painted nine rails, the ring coating seven rings, the wild coating five rails" ("Zhou rites"); in the road management, there are "Shi Kong" in the management of the road, "the tree to watch the way, stand the despicable food to keep the road", "the rain after the road, the water dried up beams" ("Zhou language") records; in the road In terms of quality, there are records of "Zhou Dao Zhi" and "Zhi Yuan" ("Book of Songs"). It

During the Warring States period, Qin Hui Wang built the praise plank road from Shaanxi to Sichuan. The plank road is a channel through holes in the steep cliff walls. It

During the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shihuang stressed "the same track, the same book" ("the historical records") in the road construction, and "for the road to the world" ("Han Shu"), the construction of car and horse Avenue, the width of the unified road adopted a series of measures. Around 500 BC, along with the rise and development of some cities, many caravan roads were formed. In the second Century B.C., China's silk road leading to Central Asia and Europe began to develop. It

In the Qin and Han Dynasties, the post office system was set up, the pavilion was set in ten li and the post was set in thirty Li. The extension of the Pavilion Road in the Western Han Dynasty could reach one hundred thousand miles. The Tang Dynasty was the peak of ancient Chinese road development, and initially formed a four way network with city as its center. In the Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, the construction and management of post road network also developed. The road network system in the Qing Dynasty is divided into three categories: (1) "Guan Ma Da Lu", radiating from Beijing to all parties, leading to the provinces and cities; (2) "road", self-examination of the city to a local important city; (3) "road", from the road or important city to the branch of the town. Post stations are set up at important locations on all roads. "Guan Ma Da Lu" is divided into four main lines: Northeast Road, East Road, West Road and Middle Road, with a total length of more than 4000 Li. It

The ancient Chinese road construction has made brilliant achievements, such as the Zhao Zhou Bridge created by Li Chun, the arduous road of the project, which occupies a certain position in the history of the development of China and the world. It

China's modern roads (1912~1949 years) began to develop in the early twentieth Century when automobiles were imported into China. From the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty to the establishment of the Republic of China to People's Republic of China, the establishment of the Republic of China was the period of the development of the modern Chinese road, but the development was slow, and it was repeatedly destroyed. The original carriage road (some can barely pass the car) and the piggyback road are still the main traffic facilities in most areas. This historical period can be roughly divided into four stages: the late Qing Dynasty and the Beiyang government, the early Kuomintang government, the war of resistance against Japan and the war of liberation. It

The late Qing Dynasty and the Beiyang government period (1912~1927 years) were the sprouting stage of Chinese highways. The first highway in China was the Longzhou - Scandinavian highway built in the southern border defence of Guangxi in 1908. It was 30 kilometers long. But the project was arduous, it only repaired the section of Longzhou to the duck water beach and was 17 kilometers long. In 1915, the inspection of Guangdong and Guangxi led Lu Rongting to command engineers to build a 42 kilometer highway, and opened to traffic in 1919. In 1917, Tan Haoming built up the Longzhou to Shuikou highway with military salary, which was 33 kilometers long and opened to traffic in 1919. In 1917, China participated in the first World War, and opened the transportation line between Zhangjiakou and Kulun for military purposes, with a total length of 1930 miles, and began passenger transport in October 11th of that same year. In 1913, Hunan built a 50 km long road from Changsha to Xiangtan and completed in 1921. In the early years of the Republic of China, Zhang Jian built the Nantong Tang gate of Jiangsu province to Tiansheng harbour highway (6 km long), and began to build the road (10.37 km long) from Nantong to Langshan, and to repair it in 1916. The Hui (Zhou) Ping (Shan) highway in Guangdong Province, 33.2 km long, opened in 1913 and opened to traffic in May 1, 1921. In 1920, five provinces in North China suffered from drought, and the construction of the tobacco (Taiwan) Wei (Fang) highway in Shandong province was carried out by means of work relief for the victims. In August 1922, the trial run was carried out. These roads were built earlier, usually from the beginning of the Army Road, launched by local governments, fund-raising by private sources or by businessmen. At that time, under the circumstances of warlord separatist and scuffle, most of the provinces in the southeastern coastal provinces were different from each other in their own affairs. According to statistics, as of 1927, China's highway mileage is about 29000 km.

The early stage of the Kuomintang government (1927~1936 years) was the beginning of the road being included in the stage of national construction planning. In 1927, the Ministry of communications and the Ministry of Railways drafted the national road planning and highway engineering standards. In 1932, the Preparatory Office of the National Economic Commission was ordered to build the liaison highway in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces, and to imitate foreign central loans for road construction, to raise funds and to lend to the provinces as a subsidy for road construction. It also organizes three provincial road special committees to make overall planning work. In the winter of 1932, on the basis of connecting the liaison roads in the three provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces, the highway meetings of the seven provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan and Henan were held in the Xikou of Zhejiang. In addition to determining the route of the seven provinces, the main roads of Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai and other provinces of Jiangxi, Guangdong and Fujian were included, and the construction of the main roads of the Jiangxi, Guangdong and Fujian provinces was included in the northwest region. West (an) LAN (state) highway and West (an) Han (middle) highway, so that Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan and three provinces to connect traffic. According to statistics, as of June 1936, China's highway mileage reached 117300 km. It

In the early period of the war of resistance against Japan (1937~1945 years), several main railways (such as the plain Han, Guangdong, Han, etc.) were almost completely cut off by the Japanese aggressor troops, and the ports in Shanghai and Guangzhou were also blocked, to communicate the traffic in the rear area and to get through the international road, and the highway became the main road on land traffic. At that time, some roads were repaired for the urgent need of the war of resistance against Japan. In the northern battlefield, the military highways such as Shide (state), Shibao (Shijiazhuang), Shi Cang (state) and other military highways, which were centered on the northern battlefield, were repaired the Taiyuan to Datong and the southern Shanxi and Henan middle roads around the northern battlefield, with a total length of more than 3600 kilometers. In the South battlefield, the bridges destroyed in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces were mainly repaired. Since then, along with the transfer of the battlefield, the construction or improvement of Kaifeng (Kaifeng) Luo (Yang), Guang (state) Shaoguan, Wu (Chang) long (sand), Han (Chang) highway and the trunk lines and branches of Anhui and Jiangxi provinces in the northeast and southeast of Hubei Province, the Wuhan as the center of the radiation line traffic network. At the same time, the West (state) highways and Lanzhou new (Xinjiang) highways were improved in the northwest. In the southwest, Sichuan Shaanxi highway and Yunnan Burmese highway were built and improved, and the Sichuan Hunan highway and Hunan Guizhou, Guizhou and Guangxi, Sichuan Guizhou, Guizhou and Yunnan, and the Hunan and Guangxi highways were rebuilt. In this period, a total of 14431 kilometers of new roads, most of which are far from the remote geographical and natural conditions of the border areas, regardless of the survey design or construction, the project is very arduous, its use of more services in the military, the standard and quality requirements is not high, and when the fashion waste, often the alternation of construction and destruction. According to statistics, as of December 1946, the total mileage of China's roads reached 130307 km. It

After the war of resistance against Japan (1946~1949 years), after the victory of the war of resistance against Japan, the road traffic was mainly military. There is little progress in highway construction. Especially when the Kuomintang army collapsed, the roads were seriously damaged. Up to the eve of the establishment of People's Republic of China, only 75000 kilometers of the national highway could be opened to traffic. It

From the whole historical period of China's modern road, the development of Chinese highways is from scratch, from less to more, and with the increase of traffic volume and vehicle load weight, the standard of line and bridge has been gradually improved. But because of the lack of funds and the lack of road construction planning, even if there is a plan, it is difficult to play its due role, resulting in the unreasonable distribution of the built roads. According to the statistics of 1942, the highway in the eastern part of China has one km per 50 sq km, while the northwest and southwest provinces have one km per 800 sq km. It

In terms of highway engineering technology, the roads built are mostly muddy and gravel pavement. From 1933 to 1946, various types of pavement tests were carried out in Nanjing, Chongqing, Kunming, Leshan and other places, such as cement concrete, block stone, graded gravel, cement stabilized soil, asphalt surface treatment, and rubble, but the test results were seldom used because of the impact of the war. In this period, 157 kilometers of asphalt surface was built on the Yunnan Burma highway to treat the pavement and 100 kilometers of elasto stone pavement, and 62 kilometers of graded crushed stone pavements were built on the West (Chang) highway of Le (mountain); the cement stabilized soil pavement was not much. It

Road construction machinery has been introduced into the construction of the Burma Road during the war of resistance against Japan. However, the supply of mechanical parts and fuel is difficult and difficult to popularize. It

In the structure of bridge and culvert, there are few suspension bridges, steel trusses (beam) bridges, and reinforced concrete bridges (including cantilever beams, T beams, continuous beams, etc.), which are not much built because of the need for building materials to be imported. The permanent or semi permanent masonry structure is commonly used. It can be adapted to local conditions, local materials and easy to organize. It

Before the war of resistance against Japan, roads in most areas lacked regular maintenance, and only a few roads were established. In 1938, the central government announced some rules and regulations on conservation and management, but lacked the technical requirements. Because the pavement is mostly muddy gravel or natural soil road, and the bridge is mostly made of wood or stone (brick), some maintenance technology requirements of the provinces are very simple. In 1947, the General Administration of highway announced the draft "draft guidelines for the maintenance of roads", which included more than 120 items, including the maintenance of subgrade, pavement, bridge, culvert, ferry, and housing. It

After the establishment of modern Chinese highway (1949~1983 years) in People's Republic of China, China's highway construction has entered a period of gradual modernization. The process of its development has gone through five stages. It

During the period of national economic recovery (1949~1952 years), from top to bottom